On The 4 December 2012 A Strategy And Vision Was Created

On the 4 December 2012 a strategy and vision was created called Compassion in Practice. This was launched by Jane Cummings who is known for her role as the Chief Nursing Officer for England and Viv Bennett who is known for her role as the Director of Nursing England (Cummings and Bennett, 2013). ‘Compassion in Practice’ consists of the 6’Cs, commonly known as the fundamental values that underpin the NHS. These 6C’s are; care, compassion, competence, communication, courage and commitment. The 6 C’s create a vision and opportunity for all health care professionals, to reinforce and implement these values into their every day working lives. The main focus of this essay will be how communication is important and why it will always remain to†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Very often, almost 80% of communication happens through body language (Danielle Brown, 2014)†. Non verbal communication includes the person’s posture, hand gesture, eye contact, facial expression and touch. It is important for nurses to be aware of their non verbal behaviour and how this type of communication can affect their patients and their families. As well as these two types of communication, it is also very important for nurses to be active listeners. Good communication in Nursing is less about talking and more about listening. This means not just listening to the information, but understanding the emotions of the person speaking. The Nursing and Midwifery Council highlight the importance of communication in their code of conduct. Being a nurse comes with many responsibilities such as; updating patients periodically about their health status, speaking to them politely and patiently and making them feel comfortable and reassured (Danielle Brown, 2014). For any health care professional it is important they use the right language and terminology when updating a patient on their condition. By doing so, this gives them a clearer understanding of their condition (Donnelly and Nevelle, 2008). It’s important for nurses to recognise what they’re saying to their patients. In the health care setting it is very easy for information to be misunderstood and this may cause conflict or frustration. This is one of the many reasons why it’s important to be aware of theShow MoreRelatedWalmarts Annual Reporting817 Words   |  3 Pagesworlds largest private retailer (Faber, 2012). Wal-Mart emphasizes that it s vision is simply saving people money so they can live better, and Wal-Mart leaders have made it their mission to embed this vision in into all aspects of the business. Wal-Marts business model was developed in a manner that respects customers, shareholders, associates and communities around the world. Its stated philosophy and overall business strategy relies on a simple idea created by founder Sam Walton: offer shoppers lowerRead MoreYou Are an Investment Analyst Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesYou Are an Investment Analyst Amazon versus eBay Angelia Bradley Professor Timothy Carr Financial Accounting December 11, 2012 Amazon versus eBay Jeff Bezos, founded Amazon.com in 1994 when he left his job as Vice-President of the Wall Street firm D.E. Shaw to move to Seattle. After reading a report that projected annual Web growth at 2.300 percent he launched his website in 1995. He began drawing up a plan to sell a list of products on the internet. 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There are 7 parts in our presentation: 1-Introduction to Honda Vietnam 2-Vietnam’s potential powers for developing motorcycle industry 3-The distribution of Honda Heads 4-Prices 5- Case: Price of Honda Vietnam vs Honda Thailand motorcycleRead MoreStrategic Leadership And Different Levels Of Business Success Defined By Bill Mcbean Essay1415 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Styles Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations. (Johnson and Scholes, 1999) 1.1 Strategic leadership is demonstrated when a leader knows effective efficient leverage of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) to deliver the corporate strategy (Schuler and JacksonRead MoreGlobalisation and the Coca-Cola Company1379 Words   |  6 Pagesbeverage company in the world. 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The Ethics Of The Bell Corruption Scandal - 937 Words

In my opinion, there were several factors that lead to the Bell corruption scandal. First and foremost, there seemed to be no checks and balances to control Robert Rizzo and other city officials. Furthermore, they gradually eliminated any controls that were place were, eventually earning absolute control (Goffard, 2010, para. 46-47). This behavior extended to individuals as Rizzo built a city staff that would go along with his corruption (para. 39). However, I do think Rizzo influenced the unethical conduct of city officials. Just as Former HP CEO Carly Fiorina (2007) points out in the video Gauging Ethics in an Organization, leaders have to walk the walk when it comes to values. Prince (1995) highlights this principle as well, â€Å"the leader can influence the moral conduct of others by demonstrating the desired behavior† (p. 491). Indeed, the leader sets the tone. The city officials experienced a similar situation as the managers of H. J. Heinz during the 1970s. 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Theoretical Problems of Terminology Free Essays

string(277) " denotes a discipline which systematically studies the labelling or designating of concepts particular to one or more subject fields or domains of human activity, through research and analysis of terms in context, for the purpose of documenting and promoting consistent usage\." Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Theoretical Problems of Terminology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2. Chapter 1 1. Theoretical problems of terminology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 6 1. 1 Terms, their definition and classification 1. 2 Terminology 3. Chapter 2 Semantic peculiarities of English and Ukrainian medical terminology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 4. Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 5. The list of literature used†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 28 Anotation Terminology appears spontaneously as a result of knowledge accumulation and appearance of special notions and concepts. The importance of our investigation is determined by the necessity to study the semantics of medical terms. The aim of our year paper is to define the main semantic peculiarities of English and Ukrainian medical terms and their interaction with the words of general language. The achievement of the aim provides accomplishment of the following tasks: 1) to study theoretical literature on the problems investigated; 2) to study medical terms and their meanings on the basis of explanatory and special dictionaries; 3) to apply the methods of formalized analysis of semantics for building the matrix of semantic space of the English and Ukrainian medical terminology on the background of general language; 4) to define the correlation of terminological and general semantics of lexemes under study. The object of our year paper is 50 English and Ukrainian medical terms with the explanation of their medical and general meanings. The subject of our investigation – semantic peculiarities of the English and Ukrainian medical terms. The language material for the year paper was taken from four dictionaries. The lexical material for our research presents 50 English medical terms the semantics of which we have analyzed from medical vocabulary (Mondofacto) and explanatory (Longman) dictionary, we also used Ukrainian medical and explanatory dictionaries. We separated the semes from the meanings of the terms that have been studied in order to the basis of English and Ukrainian terminological and explanatory dictionaries. We analyzed the peculiarities of their special and general semantics. The year paper consists of the introduction, two chapters, conclusions, the list of literature used and supplement. Chapter I. Theoretical problems of terminology Modern life of society is characterized by steep development of science and technology that’s why it leads to improvement of languages of these branches, especially scientific and technical terminology. The term â€Å"terminology† is assigned to several concepts: Terminology 1: Terminology science. Inter-and-Trans disciplinary field of knowledge dealing with concepts and their representations (terms, symbols, etc. ) Terminology 2: Aggregate of terms, which represent the system of concept of an individual subject field. Terminology 3: Publication in which the system of concepts of a subject field is represented by terms. [6;18] The functions of terminology: ) the ordering of knowledge on grounds of the relationships of concepts. 2) the transfer of knowledge, skills and technology (education, training, reading of scientific and technical texts, etc. ) 3) the formulation and dissemination of scientific and technical texts into their information. 4) the translation of scientific and technical texts into their languages. 5) the abstracting and condensing of subject information. 6) the storage and retrieval of scientific and technical information. 6;18] Theories of terminology as t hey have developed over at least six decades, consider that concepts are: 1) units of thought, focusing on the psychological aspect of recognizing objects as part of reality; 2) units of knowledge, focusing on the epistemological aspect of information gathered on the object in question; 3) units of communication, stressing the fact that concepts are the prerequisite for knowledge transfer in specialized discourse. The development of terminologies as a crucial part of special purpose languages reflects scientific, technical and economic progress in the subject fields concerned. Due to different speeds in this dynamic co-evolution of knowledge in the individual domains, specialized discourse continues to differentiate into more and more sectorized special languages and terminologies. 18; 7] But these communication tools become increasingly ambiguous due to the sheer number of concepts to be designated and the limited linguistic resources of every natural language: terms are taken over from one domain into another, usually with varying meanings in the form of metaphors or analogies; new homonyms, and terminological meanings, synonyms arise, motivating or even forcing subject specialists to standardize their terminology and harmonize them on the multilingual level in order to reduce and manage the constantly rising communicative complexity that faces their discourse communities. Terminology research is not limited to semiotic and linguistic studies of term formation and the epistemological dimension of the evolution of scientific knowledge. The agenda of terminology science also includes socio-terminological studies of the acceptance of neologisms proposed by terminology and language planners, case studies on terminology development by standardization and harmonization efforts, research and development concerning the establishment and use of terminology databases for various user groups and purposes and concerning controlled vocabularies for documentation and information retrieval purposes. Terminology displays the notions that were created, and spontaneously exist in every branch. Terminology is the study of and the field of activity concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentations of terms. The field of terminology is not independent as a discipline. Terminology though traced back for some decades got a more theoretical and methodological background in the past years. Terminology is an inter disciplinary field of research because it is highly influenced by the activities and methods of the areas if serves. Earlier terminology was a problem of engineers needing concepts for naming new technical items. Now linguists claim it to be another dimension of lexicology and lexicography. Terminology has become a specialized aspect of computational linguistics and information science[17;10]. Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are words and compound words that in specific contexts are given specific meanings, meanings that may deviate from the meaning the same words have in other contexts and in everyday language. The discipline Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture. Terminology differs from lexicography n studying concepts, conceptual systems, and their labels (terms), whereas lexicography study words and their meanings. Terminology thus denotes a discipline which systematically studies the labelling or designating of concepts particular to one or more subject fields or domains of human activity, through research and analysis of terms in context, for the purpose of documenting and promoting c onsistent usage. You read "Theoretical Problems of Terminology" in category "Papers" This study can be limited to one language or can cover more than one language at the same time (multilingual terminology, bilingual terminology, and so forth) or may focus on studies of terms across fields [26;45]. Terminology is a science whose aim is to study terms, which are lexical elements used in specialized fields (subjects or their branches) and generated in such fields or modified from elements already existing in other fields. In Terminology, the â€Å"term† or â€Å"terminological unit† is the meaning unit made up of one single word (simple term) or several words (complex term) and represents a concept in an univocal way in a specific semantic field (Office of the French Language of Quebec). From this definition, we can understand that a term is a specialized word in relation to its meaning and the field in which it is used. It is considered in that way when used in a certain context in which it takes the function of a â€Å"term†. Terms are elements of natural languages, as are other lexical units too. As far as terminologies reflect rapid development of science, they are opened to language planning, systematic management and different kinds of manipulation more than other lexical subsystems or strata. This causes terminologists to fulfill three comprehensive projects 1) the standardization of existing terminologies; 2) the creation of new national terminologies as well as 3) their international unification. 18; 8] A definition is description of a concept by means of other known concepts, mostly in the form of words and terms. It determines the position of this concept in a system of other related concepts. Definitions can be categorized according to their purpose into descriptive prescriptive definitions. A descriptive definition states which meaning a term has. A prescriptive definition states which meaning a term should have. [15;11] In the seventies of the xx century the peak of interest towards system character of terminology could be observed and that was connected with the popularity of the biologist Bertalanffy. This scientist suggested the programme of building general theory of systems, which contained general principles and laws of the systems behaviour no matter what elements and the relationships between were. The difference between terminology system and terminology is, first of all, in the way they come into being. Terminology appears spontaneously as a result of knowledge accumulation and appearance of special notions and concepts. Terminology enters the mental world far from being accomplished and crowned; its lexical units are very far from systematic. Terminological system is completely isomorphic to the system of concepts and terminology is not. [23;17] Terminology-is the section of vocabulary which covers the terms of different spheres of science, art, social life, and technics. [9;23] Terminology is closely related to such sciences as ontology, logics, linguistics, communication theory, information and documentation science, computer science, etc. In the GTT the notion ‘‘concept’’ and its relationship to other concepts have a central position. They are cornerstones of the GTT and the starting point of any terminology work. The conceptology which is a basic discipline of logic is closely connected in this respect with terminology. The most important link of terminology to linguistics is that the term is a linguistic symbol, which is formed by words or word elements. [18; 7] Terminology is not connected to information retrieval in any way but focused on the meaning and conveyance of concepts. â€Å"Terms† used in an information retrieval context are not the same as â€Å"terms† used in the context of terminology, as they are not always technical terms of art. 9;20] The problems of terminology were investigated by such linguists as:L. A. Kapanadze [10], V. I. Malcey [11], V. P. Danulenko [9;9], O . S. Achmanova [5;58], A. A. Reformatskuj [11;27], H. O. Vinokur [7;11] and others. Semantic aspect of English and Ukrainian medical terminology was studied by such linguists as:Balyshyn S. I[3], Chabirova Z. P,[11], Orlova A. S, Philipova Y. B. [21;22], Skinner H. A[23], Dorian A. F[54;20]. and oth ers The English language began creation of modern terminology from Choser’s time. In his work â€Å"Treatise on the astrolabe† he for the first time used terms declinations, ecliptic, latitude, longitude, meridian, zodiac etc. Term (lat. Terminus – boundary, limit) is alexico -nominative unit that needs definitions( V. P. Danylenko[11;20], T. L. Kandelaki[25] and others). Definition is a necessary dependency of term which has a meaning for its selection from the vocabulary stock of language(S. V. Novak)[15;23]. Term is considered to be a nominative sign that operates in the language with a special purpose (V. M. Leychik). Term is determined as a language unit, correlated with conceptions of special professional spheres ( V. A. Tatarynov) [14;27]. It is understandable that a large number of terminological definitions as a conception of a word and scientific term do not lead to distinct and simple solution of their theoretically linguistic essence. The study of early works in terminology shows that linguistic essence of term is not enough researched. Mainly researchers were interested in lexicographical aspect of terminology and not in definition and uncovering semantic peculiarities of term . A term is a word or a certain word- combination that distinctly and definitely designates scientific or special notion. The term does not designate the notion like an ordinary word, but inversely, the concept is attached to a term. Thus, a specific concept determined by a term is understandable only due to its definition-laconic, logical, which points out essential indications of a subject and denotes its notion and matter. According to Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, a term is â€Å"a word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a science, art, profession or subject. [18; 10] One more definition of a term explains as â€Å"any conventional symbol for a concept which consists of articulated sounds or of their written representations. A term may be a word or a phrase. †[20; 10] As it is vivid from the definition the term always stands for a concept and it should preferably stand for a single concept. This concept has a meaning that i s fixed, abstract and general. Only features that are considered to be relevant are retained in the meaning, other features are rejected. Concepts are mental representations of individual object or comprise a set of individual objects having certain qualities in common. Concepts are mental representations of individual object or comprise a set of individual objects having certain qualities in common. A term is defined by the content it stands for and not by any peculiarities in its linguistic structure. [15; 11]. An expression is a term within the framework of a conceptual system in which it is defined as a term. Membership of a terminological system thus gives an expression terminological status. Ancient Greek philosophers said that a term has two meanings: In broad definition a term-is a word or word-combination, which denotes real or abstract subjects. In this case the word term coincide with the meaning of a â€Å"name†, it means that a term the same as name. In narrow definition, as we already know the term- is a word or word-combinations introduced into a science as the designation of subjects, appearances that are studied by the science. [12;272]. To descriptive terms belong: a)set-expressions, which name or denote empirical and abstract objects. They designate a â€Å"term†-as proper and general names. b)predicative expression-is a word or word-combination which denotes properties and qualities of subjects and relations between the subjects. )objective functional expressions, which denote objective functions and operations, to which special mathematical and logical signs and words denoting scope, weight, growth, colour belong. [14; 30] Terms can be more or less complex lexical units that are generated following several processes: †¢ The extension of the meaning of a word in the standard language (for instanc e, â€Å"mouse† in computing terminology is a device that allows the user to interact with the computer). †¢ Generation of a phrase that functions as a whole with one specialized meaning (superconducting magnet). Symbolic expressions, as chemical element symbols (Na) or chemical and mathematical formulas (H2SO4). †¢ Abbreviations (PVC) and acronyms (NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization). †¢ Names of post (Prime Minister), organizations or administrations (United Nations, Prime Minister). The border line between word and term is drawn by the use of the lexical unit in a specialised field of knowledge with a specialised meaning or not. That is why a certain level of specialised knowledge is needed to recognise a term (we will only know that mouse is a term if we know the computing terminology). The characteristics of a text –communicative purpose, subject, specialisation grade– are also helpful to recognise the presence of terms. †¢ The extension of the meaning of a word in the standard language (for instance, â€Å"mouse† in computing terminology is a device that allows the user to interact with the computer). †¢ Generation of a phrase that functions as a whole with one specialized meaning (superconducting magnet). †¢ Symbolic expressions, as chemical element symbols (Na) or chemical and mathematical formulas (H2SO4). †¢ Abbreviations (PVC) and acronyms (NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Names of post (Prime Minister), organizations or administrations (United Nations, Prime Minister). The border line between word and term is drawn by the use of the lexical unit in a specialised field of knowledge with a specialised meaning or not. That is why a certain level of specialised knowledge is needed to recognise a term (we wi ll only know that mouse is a term if we know the computing terminology). The characteristics of a text –communicative purpose, subject, specialisation grade– are also helpful to recognise the presence of terms. In order to establish the limit between term and word, it is important to know the characteristics of terms in a specialised language. According to Gutierrez Rodilla (1998: 88-94) the characteristics of terms are precision, emotional neutrality and stability over time. For instance, â€Å"aplasia† is a medical term meaning incomplete or faulty development of an organ; it is monosemic which implies precision; it is neutral emotionally; and finally, it is stable over time since it has been used without any variation in use, form and meaning for a long period of time in scientific documents. A concept can be described either by the definition or explanation. If it is not possible in a certain case to provide a definition at least an explanation should be given. The definition is the key to any scientific work. A definition is description of a concept by means of other known concepts, mostly in the form of words and terms. It determines the position of this concept in a system of other related concepts. Most foreign linguists pay more attention to semantic character of the term. They discover universal theoretical cases concerning terminological science, but not language facts are estimated by them superficially, without proper argumentation, unconvincingly. Terminological principles and methods are the basis for the unification of terminology work. They concern the analysis of concepts, the determination of their intension, the investigation of relationships of concepts, the design of systems of concepts, the description of concepts(definition), the assignment concept- designation(terms, symbols, etc. or vice versa, selection of adequate words or word elements for the formation of terms, creation of correct new terms etc. [23;25]. Characteristics of terms The reality around us is made up of a wide variety of objects that are observed or simply seen. The human mind is able to perceive every objects and generate a conceptual image that allows recreating the object even if it is not within our senses’ reach. In human communication, it is necessary to re present an objectconcept with a material and recognisable with the means available for humans. In a verbal language such representation is the word –oral or written– and the term in specialised communication. Thus, the term, as with any other word, is a sign with a triple dimension: †¢ Linguistic: the signifier (the formal aspect of the term). †¢ Cognitive: the meaning of the concept represented by a term. †¢ Ontological: the referent, the object from reality to be named. The three dimensions give three different, but related, aspects of terms: †¢ Linguistic dimension – symbolic aspect: this refers to a term as a symbol representing an object, a referent. Cognitive dimension – conceptual aspect: in relation to the concept that allows the human mind to keep the referent. †¢ Ontological dimension – referential aspect: the referent itself to be named and understood. Dimensions of a term cognitive linguistic ontological concept term referent conceptual symbolic referential aspects. To the three dimensions already explaine d, it is possible to add a fourth one that is implicit at the beginning of this section, the communicative dimension (associated with a discursive aspect). According to this dimension, the terms are inserted in a discourse with the purpose of taking part in the message produced in a communicative event. From this communicative point of view, the sender of the message, the author of the text, uses each term with a sole meaning, regardless of whether it is the term’s meaning, one chosen among the different concepts and referents represented by a single polysemic term, or an altered, modified or adulterated meaning that the author assigns to a term accidentally (perhaps due to a lack of competence in a specialised knowledge) or intentionally (a personal use of language and terminology). The balance in the relations between the different dimensions and aspects defines the characteristics of each term, but not all the terms share the same level of relations, that is why the features of terms as a whole are more of a trend, desired by their producers and users, than a reality. According to Gutierrez Rodilla (1998: 88-94) the features of terms are precision, emotional neutrality and stability. A term has to meet a number of requirements: 1. The term must be well motivated. The motivation of a term should be self-evident. 2. The term should be systematic. That means that it must be a member of terminological system. 3. The formation of the term must be in accordance with the syntactic rules of the language. 4. The term must be potentially productive of derivations. 5. The term must avoid pleonasm. This part of pleonastic formation generally occurs through a lack of linguistic knowledge. 6. The term should not contain superfluous elements. This may occur when the generic term and the specific term form a new term. 7. The term should preferably not have synonymous, homonymous or polysemous terms. 8. The term should be as short as possible without affecting its clarity. 9. The term should preferably not present orthographical or morphological variations. 18; 11] At the present stage of language development society influences all language terminological processes such as term formation , interaction of generally used lexics and terminology, borrowing of terms from other languages and subsystems, development of polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, standardization and unification of terms, etc. In this chapter we observed theoretical problems of terminology, functions of terminology, requirements of a term, terms, their definition and classification, terminology and terminological system, the principles of terminology and methods. Also we named famous linguists who studied the problems of terminology. We observed the term as an indivisible unit of mentality that arises the smallest segment of concrete mentality process. By this segment in our year paper is a scientific concept of linguistic that indicates term- word which we receive on the basis of imagination about practical and theoretical activity of a person. We consider that linguistic term as a word is a part of vocabulary and is not isolated from the laws that influence on the lexical system in general. How to cite Theoretical Problems of Terminology, Papers

Principles of Marketing in Relation

Questions: 1: Understanding the Concepts and process of Marketing2: Concepts of Segmentation and target positioning3: Elements of extended marketing mix4: Marketing Mix Answers: Introduction The report would evaluate the principles of marketing in relation to the various phenomenon of market as elements of marketing. The way business creates differentiation, adds more market share and thus revenue is a strategic marketing tool for business to flourish. Thus it can be said that marketing is the process of identifying, anticipating and delivering the consumers with satisfaction profitably. Thus segmentation, target audience, competitiveness of a business is critically analyzed here to formulate the future needs of business in accordance. 1: Understanding the Concepts and process of Marketing 1.1. Various elements of marketing process The elements of marketing are many of which increasing profits and market share while reducing the cost is the target of the process giving the marketing the needed spin to deliver. Chang (2009) suggests that at the center of the marketing is the product and based on the product attributes, value, demand, use etc the price and market for sales is chosen. The process is thus the orderly steps formulated for each market keeping in view the market needs. Thus the processes in market is a full cycle of demand interpretation, delivery to the consumers at the right price and time which is perceived in value and price as a superior product to its alternatives for a consumer, is the process objective in marketing. Nevertheless, the process needs to be such that it build the value for the target market. 1.2. Cost benefit orientation for specific organization The cost or investments that is invested and on the investments made the benefits that the businesses gains are the cost benefit for it. Kahn (2005) argues that the cost benefits for a business have two purpose, one to determine the investments feasibility and the second is to give a basis or benchmark to analyze the projects. Thus for a business prior to a project development the analysis forms the key for all revenue and costs that can be generated out of the project, showing its feasibility to let the management take a decision to peruse it. Further, Rouwendal (2012) adds that the cost benefit analysis is the tool for management to decide upon the feasibility of a project and whether the project needs changes. Therefore, (Roy and Berger, 2005) argues that the analysis for the social benefit that the project is incurring is the social benefits like ease of transport or savings due to the investment is also considered in the analysis. The marketing exposure received out of the chang ed marketing impetus and thrust which concerns the segment, target, position and value proposition. The Diesel Logo Source is the chosen organization which has invested nearly 1.3 Billion Euro in 2009 with 2200 employees with 5500 outlets as on 2012 (O'Connor, 2013). The customer focus for the business has made them to understand the consumers demands and thus develop products likewise. The sales and distribution is been built upon this unique criteria of preference of consumers but the consumers taste is something that keeps changing in the fast fashion. The processes are thus modified to match the strategic approach of the business. Nevertheless, this change also showed itself on the IT media as the prime source of advertisements. These changes have suitably changed the sales of the brand and its communication efforts. Thus the orientation is more based on the consumers choice over the previous objectives of money earning. Hence the process flow is now more consumers oriented and with changing fashion it is changing fast to accommodate the fresh fashion trends to be available in the market. 2: Concepts of Segmentation and target positioning 2.1. Micro and Macro environmental factors influencing decision making Micro and macro environment are the market decision making actors that have influence on business performance. The micro environment is the internal factors close to business those have direct impact on strategy. The employees, stakeholders, inter business communication and involvement in business decision making is the key to the micro environment of the business. The stakeholders would include employees, suppliers, investors and the people near the business or the society as a whole. The micro environmental factors, especially in the stakeholders case, the vision of the stakeholders are taken into consideration to evolve the processes that includes their point of view and see that the voice of all associated gets a place in policy and strategic formulations. The consumers are key as the marketing that the business performs would be directed towards the development and growth of consumers. Their need of fresh fashion is one while the investors would need sustained business with long term profits and from the employees view a healthy work place environment is the key to effective organizational processes formulation. The macro analysis is the analysis of the overall business environment that is operation in the midst of economic, political, social, cultural, legal, environmental etc issues also can be observed in the PESTLE analysis. These factors have direct impact upon the consumer demands and market dynamics. The macro analysis provides the strategic route for future developments (Szyliowicz et al. 2004). Political: The political environment in which the business is performing may have effects like instability, paramount fear of businesses being taken over by the state (Eg. China). The formulations of strategies are derived to plan the market entry, existence and exit plan depending upon the political situation of the business. The investments are to be done in a market that is politically stable and economically sustainable. Economic: The economic factors implies the exchange rates, the payments for employment in those economies all contributes to the external environment development for pricing, costing and even the entry and exit for a business to stay relevant in various economies. The cost of production and sales are dependent on the economy thus the business needs to suitably arrange its Supply chain, positioning, and product offerings in accordance to the economy that the business is operating in. Social: The taste of people or the way they perceives the business is the social perspective. The trait social factors have on business is paramount considering the changing perception towards the environment friendly processes and ethics in practice. Further social media have made the social aspect of business an important factor for business strategy. The socially acceptable message selection, positioning, advertising etc studies a lot of the social clots before implementation to make them acceptable by the society. Technological: The technology is the most important factor for difference creation between two similar businesses where the cost affectivity of production process decides the price that consumers needs to pay as well as gives an assured quality. This bulk assurance of quality and quantity is what had been achieved with a good mix of people and technology. Further the social medias effect on employees voice and idea circulation is huge. These also have given the technology based personalized services giving a macro over haul of the business operations. Diesel have used its technology factor to build and create a largest market while also enables a more faster production, finish and thus with the use of efficient technology the price of options can be further reduced and further improved with the efficient use of technologies. Environmental: The environmental effects of the business process are key to a good identity building where the participative business processes gives an impression on the users about what all benefits or harm the business is doing to the environment it is working on. Legal: The laws those manage and control the business is the legal aspect of the PESTLE. The legal framework varies from one nation to another. Based on the laws of operations those are existent the legal factor effects the tax, regulation binds the mandatory to work for a business in a market. Thus with change of these factors the business needs to reframe its strategic operational and business objectives likewise in the market that it is operation, for its survival. 2.2. Segmentation criteria for products in different market Segmentation of the market is based upon various demographic factors in the market as economy, taste, culture, age, gender, location etc. Based upon consumer demography the market segmentation is decided by a business for itself (Harris and Bray, 2007). The business thus creates their market communication as well as product in accordance to the market specification. (Bernhardt and Mackenzie, 1968) argues that for a proper segmentation the business needs to incorporate measurable, substantial, accessible, differentiable and actionable principles of market segmentation. Measuring in terms of sales volume and size of the market gives the business an idea of where to focus and how much to focus on a specific market based on these measurable quantities. The substantial segmentation have to be a homogeneous group of people with equal buying power and taste to be a valid market for the business else the size wont be able to explain the expenditure. The group of people in the market needs to be differentiated in accordance to buying behavior, spending capacity etc so that viable differentiation strategy can be formed to campaign in that market can be implemented without an overlap. The access to the market and people in terms of viability needs to be there (Azadi and Rahimzadeh, 2012). Nevertheless, the practical value of the market or its characteristics needs to be acted upon with product information that suites their needs. 2.3. Targeting strategy The target strategy would suggest the way the business wish to build its competence among the target audience. This has two different ways of targeting an audience as differentiated and undifferentiated (Burgess and Zerbe, 2011). The product dose a mass marketing with no differentiation where the entire market is the target audience. Ginter et al. (1992) suggests that broadcasting as well as persuasion are the two significant sales strategy used in this marketing strategy. The target market is differentiated upon their purchasing power, taste, need, etc. This target audience is thus communicated via those media which is common for the group. The group is the target and the business may offer the price or packaging or offer based upon this target market (Hahn, 2010). Further the business may also differentiate via price which again is niche marketing strategy where the business is differentiated on price to its substitutes in the same market. 2.4. Buyers behavior affects marketing activities in different buy Marketing aims to create consumer satisfaction by fulfilling their needs and wants to maintain the loyalty of the consumer towards the product. However, Sanchez (1999) argues that the behavior of a consumer during the purchase decision making process is dependent on six stages that builds the decision. The need for the product or problem recognition is the first part followed by information search which can be going back to memory seeking advice about the products or from commercials. Evaluation of alternatives is the next step where the consumer relates alternatives in the market with the product to assume the viability or benchmark each of them in accordance to their own taste and preference. Therefore, the consumer purchases where the actual business to consumer transaction happens while the post purchase experience gives the idea of the product value while using the product. This suggests that the information and post purchase experience are the two key elements of consumers purc hase decision making. However, the push sales may be such that the consumer would try a product without its need or information but based on persuasion (Noori, 2015). 2.5. New positioning for selected services and products The example of Nokia is taken which previously had a bulk of 46% of the global market share. But the advent of android apps in Smartphone made the accelerated market positioning reducing the Nokias market share. However, Nokia came with alternate viability strategies by associating itself with Microsoft to develop the new MSOffice platform for future smart phones. These additions of the technology have made Nokia a viable competitor in the mobile phone market which it had previously lost. This new positioning is in the smart phone segment have made the consumers look for Nokia phones again which was previously wiped out of the competitive smart phone market. 3: Elements of extended marketing mix 3.1. Product development for sustained marketing mix The market sustainability is developed by creating the marketing mix which suites the business over its competitors and helps the cause of long term viability in the same. Thus the competitive as well as cost advantage is the two distinct features as proposed by Michel Porter. This enables not only to create superior value but also sustained market viability for itself (Sheth and Sharma, 2001). In the marketing mix the price, product, packaging and place are considered where the each individual element creates the desired consumer convenience. The pricing has to e such that the perceived value is higher than the alternatives while the packaging has to assist the product handling and needed product information for the consumers. The promotion enables to enhance the product knowledge among the people with needed or desired information to create the purchase decision. The distribution needs to play a vital role as the product which is not available in the market looses the chance to be picked up. For an example if Pepsi beverage is not available for the people to consume the promotion cost is not well utilized as the chance of sales is significantly challenged by the unavailability, creating loss of sales. 3.2. Distribution for customer convenience Distribution represents the market penetration that the business could achieve for its product. This applies to all products which are available in the market with an accurate distribution strategy. The promotion, packaging and price elements wont be of any effect if the required goods are not available for a consumer at a certain market (Sonderegges, 2011). Again, the distribution needs to be even and easily accessible for people enhancing sales while the product evenly balances the demands with supply. However, over supply may reduce price or let the product occupy shelf space for long creating negative impacts. 3.3. Pricing to reflect market conditions and organizational objectives Pricing generally considers the product manufacturing and distribution cost while pricing. However, the long term sales objective has to consider the market conditions while pricing or develop a value based pricing. The long term viability for the business is in pricing the product in accordance to the market conditions and competitive structures so that the price enhance the value for itself in consumers perception. The worth and the price are thus equated for long term viability in the market which is reflected in the pricing strategy. 3.4. Promotional activity integrated to achieve marketing objectives Promotion is a key element in marketing as discussed above. The purchase decision making process needs the product information to achieve marketing objectives. The promotion aims to convey product mix like price, availability along with product information about how it can meet the consumers needs. Raychaudhuri (2014) explains that the promotion is the communication between the producer and consumer of the product. The promotion thus integrates advertisements, promotional campaigns like discount, offers to promote the product among the target market to enhance consumer demands, reach out more among people. 4: Marketing Mix 4.1. Marketing Mix for two different segment in consumer market The two different segments of consumers can be bunched as rural and urban consumer segment based upon their location and accessibility, for the case. Considering the rural population is the one with lesser media options and sparkly populated compared to the heavy density distribution aspect of business sees changes too. Product: The rural market is considered to have lesser technical knowledge compared to the urban counterparts. Thus the technically superior products like Smartphone technology or five start hotel is concentrated in the urban segment and is designed for the urban crowd. Nevertheless, the switching of people from one product to another as the scope is their so the product is designed to gain consumer loyalty in urban areas. Price: The pricing determines the segment that the product ventures to appeal. The higher cost of product is considered to be less competitive in rural segment due to the power of spending the two segments possesses. Thus the pricing for the urban products would consider the pricing such that it is competitive in the urban areas. However, for consumer products the pricing is kept equal for all the market as its do not concentrate on segmentation but on mass sales. Product distribution: From the distribution side the distribution is supported by the logistics and warehouses concentrated all across the market. The more the concentration the better the logistics supply. The rural areas would mean a robust business set up to distribute the product while the urban in the modern day are reaching for e-retails. Through this distribution the business to consumer sales is generated in the urban areas which have lesser significance in the rural lands. Promotion: The use of internet media for promotion has changes the way urban and rural segments sees the product promotion. The social media had added the advantage of the product information in the media at a cost effective manner which is rather a bigger ploy to generate revenue in the rural areas. The campaigns need massive cost for the rural population than in Urban space as the density makes the advertisements more frequent for urban areas to rural areas. 4.2. Difference in marketing for business sales over consumer sales The business sales made to a business is called the B2B sales which stand for business to business sales while made to consumer would mean B2C or business to consumer sales. The sales made to business houses would mean that the business sales the product or service for another business process or unit which further utilize the service or product for its own use. The B2B sales of Cement to major infrastructure company are one aspect while selling cement to consumers for their own construction work is another. The volume, quality, price and distribution differs in B2B to its B2C counterpart. The relationship between the businesses matters in this case of marketing where the business goes for a long term deal with another business. 4.3. International Vs Domestic markets The business can vary in the international markets to its domestic counterparts due to various reasons. The political, legal, environmental, social and cultural difference along with economic disparity in the international markets makes a business develop certain traits those the domestic market may not demand (Islam, 2014). The viability of the business in the international front needs the business to adopt the local norms like religion, taste of people, local media for promotion, price that suites that market which would be varying in content and scope depending on the market they are targeted for. Logistics and distribution along with technology to suite the international venture is another aspect that needs the careful development of the business infrastructure in the foreign lands. List of references Azadi, S. and Rahimzadeh, E. (2012) Developing Marketing Strategy for Electronic Business by Using McCarthy's Four Marketing Mix Model and Porters Five Competitive Forces. Journals of Marketing, 2(2), 23 BERNHARDT, I. and MACKENZIE, K. (1968). MEASURING SELLER UNCONCENTRATION, SEGMENTATION AND PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION. Economic Inquiry, 6(5), pp.395-403 Burgess, D. and Zerbe, R. (2011). Appropriate Discounting for Benefit-Cost Analysis. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 2(2). Chang, Y. (2009). An exploration of the standardization of targeting strategies and the use of promotional disciplines on the web: A cross-national study. Journal of Marketing Communications, 15(5), pp.327-343 Ginter, P., Duncan, W. and Capper, S. (1992). Keeping strategic thinking in strategic planning: Macro-environmental analysis in a state department of public health. Public Health, 106(4), pp.253-269 Hahn, R. (2010). Designing Smarter Regulation with Improved Benefit-Cost Analysis. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 1(1), 34 Harris, C. and Bray, J. (2007). Price endings and consumer segmentation. Jnl of Product Brand Mgt, 16(3), pp.200-205 HOWELL, A. (2011). Labor Market Segmentation in Urumqi, Xinjiang: Exposing Labor Market Segments and Testing the Relationship between Migration and Segmentation. Growth and Change, 42(2), pp.200-226. Islam, M. (2014). Domestic Vs. International Business. [online] Academia.edu. 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The Journal of Industrial Economics, 62(2), pp.229-257 Rouwendal, J. (2012). Indirect Effects in Cost-Benefit Analysis. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 3(1) Roy, A. and Berger, P. (2005). Business-to-Business Approaches to Marketing to and Through Associations: A Descriptive Analysis and Research Issues. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 12(3), pp.27-57. Sanchez, R. (1999). Modular Architectures in the Marketing Process. Journal of Marketing, 63, p.92. Sheth, J. and Sharma, A. (2001). Efficacy of financial measures of marketing: It depends on markets and marketing strategies. Marketing annual, 9(4), pp.341-356 SONDEREGGER, S. (2011). MARKET SEGMENTATION WITH NONLINEAR PRICING*. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 59(1), pp.38-62. Sweeney, D. (1972). Marketing: Management Technology or Social Process?. Journal of Marketing, 36(4), p.3. Szyliowicz, D., Kennedy, K. and Nelson, T. (2004). Shaping of Strategic Behavior: How Macro-Environmental Effects Pattern the Country-Level Participation of Non-US Firms in US Equity Markets. Technology Analysis Strategic Management, 16(2), pp.223-240. Taken Smith, K. (2012). Longitudinal study of digital marketing strategies targeting Millennials. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(2), pp.86-92. Taylor, L., Allardyce, M. and Macpherson, N. (1992). Determining marketing strategies for organizations targeting the European tourist to Scotland. Tourism Management, 13(1), pp.50-55. Udel.edu, (2014). Consumer Buying Behavior Notes. [online] Available at: https://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html [Accessed 15 May 2015]. Ward, K. and Ryals, L. (2001). Latest thinking on attaching a financial value to marketing strategy: Through brands to valuing relationships. Journals of Marketing, 9(4), pp.327-340. Wickham, M. (2010). Developing employer of choice status: exploring an employment marketing mix. Hum Res Mgt Intl Digest, 18(1) Wilke, R. and Ritter, T. (2006). Levels of Analysis in Business-to-Business Marketing. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 13(3), pp.39-64